International contract standards
FIDIC and ENAA are the two professional associations that have been involved in standardising international construction contracts are.
The World Bank recommends the use of the FIDIC standard contract in its Standards Bidding Documents for Plant Procurement.
a. FIDIC (Fédération International des Ingénieurs Conseils).
Founded in 1953, it has published the following standard contracts:
Red Book: Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and engineering Works Designed by Employer. 1st ed. 1999.
Orange Book. Conditions of Contract for Design-Build and Turnkey 1st ed., Lausanne, 1995.
Yellow Book. Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design Build for Electrical and Mechanical Plant, and for Building and engineering Works, Designed by the Contractor. 1st ed. 1999.
Silver Book. Conditions of Contracts for EPC/Turnkey Projects. 1st ed. 1999.
Green book. Short Form of Contract. 1st ed. 1999.
Golden Book. Conditions of Contract for design, Build and Operate Projects.
Subcontracts. 1st ed 2012
The Yellow and Orange Books are intended for DB and Turnkey contracts.
The 2005 Red Book special edition is used by the Main Development Banks (MDB)
The Silver and Golden Books are designed to be used Build – Operate – Transfer (BOT) projects.
b. ENAA (Engineering Advancement Association of Japan).
ENAA Model Form of International Contract for Process Plant Construction (Turnkey Lump Sum Basis). Made of five volumes:
Volume 1. Form of Agreement & General Conditions.
Volume 2. Samples of Attachments to the Agreement
Volume 3. Guide Notes
Volume 4. Work procedures
Volume 5. ENAA Model Form International Contract. Alternative Form for Industrial Plant.
ENAA Model Form International Contract for Power Plant Construction.